{"id":13526,"date":"2021-01-31T22:14:36","date_gmt":"2021-02-01T03:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nebula.org\/blog\/papel-da-genomica-coronavirus-covid-19\/"},"modified":"2021-02-20T20:42:27","modified_gmt":"2021-02-21T01:42:27","slug":"papel-da-genomica-coronavirus-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nebula.org\/blog\/pt-br\/papel-da-genomica-coronavirus-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"O Coronav\u00edrus Contagioso (COVID-19)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A nova doen\u00e7a do coronav\u00edrus (COVID-19)<\/h3>\n\n

Nos \u00faltimos meses, o novo coronav\u00edrus (SARS-CoV-2 que causa a doen\u00e7a COVID-19), que surgiu em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, China, tem sido manchete como uma amea\u00e7a \u00e0 sa\u00fade p\u00fablica em r\u00e1pida evolu\u00e7\u00e3o. At\u00e9 o momento, mais de 95.000 casos e 3.200 mortes foram relatado<\/a> em 85 pa\u00edses e territ\u00f3rios. Al\u00e9m disso, devido ao crescimento de m\u00eddia social<\/a> plataformas, informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre COVID-19, incluindo restri\u00e7\u00f5es a viajar<\/a> e impactos econ\u00f4micos<\/a> , est\u00e1 se espalhando rapidamente, talvez at\u00e9 mais r\u00e1pido do que o pr\u00f3prio v\u00edrus.<\/p>\n\n

Mas como pode um v\u00edrus, que \u00e9 nem mesmo vivo<\/a> , destr\u00f3i tanto estrago?<\/p>\n\n

Uma cartilha sobre v\u00edrus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

V\u00edrus<\/a> s\u00e3o organismos microsc\u00f3picos feitos de prote\u00ednas, gorduras, a\u00e7\u00facares e material gen\u00e9tico que existem em quase todos os lugares do planeta. No entanto, por conta pr\u00f3pria, os v\u00edrus n\u00e3o s\u00e3o capazes de fazer nada. Para sobreviver, os v\u00edrus precisam infectar c\u00e9lulas vivas dentro dos hospedeiros, como bact\u00e9rias, fungos, plantas ou animais. O material gen\u00e9tico viral – DNA ou RNA – cont\u00e9m informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre como o v\u00edrus pode se replicar ou fazer c\u00f3pias de si mesmo. Depois que um v\u00edrus infecta uma c\u00e9lula viva, ele sequestra a maquinaria da c\u00e9lula para criar uma “f\u00e1brica de v\u00edrus”.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00edrus da imunodefici\u00eancia humana (HIV)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Em 1984, cientistas do Instituto Pasteur de Paris, o Instituto Nacional do C\u00e2ncer, anunciaram o descoberta do HIV<\/a> , um v\u00edrus que infecta o sistema imunol\u00f3gico humano e pode resultar na s\u00edndrome da imunodefici\u00eancia adquirida (AIDS). A AIDS interfere na capacidade do corpo de combater infec\u00e7\u00f5es e doen\u00e7as. O HIV \u00e9 transmitido por meio de fluidos corporais e, freq\u00fcentemente, foi transmitido por meio de sexo desprotegido, do compartilhamento de agulhas e do parto. Os pesquisadores suspeitam que o HIV passou dos chimpanz\u00e9s para os humanos. Isso provavelmente ocorreu devido ao abate e consumo de carne de macaco no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX.<\/p>\n\n

Infelizmente, as pessoas que vivem com HIV enfrentaram uma enorme quantidade de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a> . Por exemplo, no in\u00edcio, a AIDS foi erroneamente rotulada de \u201cpeste gay\u201d, sugerindo que se espalhou exclusivamente entre homens que faziam sexo com outros homens. No entanto, \u00edcones americanos como a lenda do basquete Magic Johnson e o astro do rock Freddie Mercury, os quais anunciaram que eram HIV-positivos nas d\u00e9cadas de 1980 e 1990, servem como lembretes de que os v\u00edrus n\u00e3o discriminam. Quase qualquer pessoa pode ser infectada.<\/p>\n\n

Curiosamente, no caso do HIV, existem alguns indiv\u00edduos que s\u00e3o resistente ou imune a<\/a> infec\u00e7\u00e3o. Esses indiv\u00edduos abrigar muta\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas no gene CCR5<\/em><\/a> <\/em>que evitam que suas c\u00e9lulas imunol\u00f3gicas exibam um receptor que permite que o HIV entre nas c\u00e9lulas e crie \u201cf\u00e1bricas de HIV\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

Coronav\u00edrus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

De acordo com a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial de Sa\u00fade, os coronav\u00edrus constituem uma grande fam\u00edlia de v\u00edrus nomeados por causa das pontas em forma de coroa encontradas em suas superf\u00edcies (Figura 1). Eles carregam seu material gen\u00e9tico em fitas simples de RNA e causam problemas respirat\u00f3rios e febre. Como o HIV, os coronav\u00edrus podem ser transmitidos entre animais e humanos. Os coronav\u00edrus foram respons\u00e1veis pela pandemia de S\u00edndrome Respirat\u00f3ria Aguda Grave (SARS) no in\u00edcio de 2000 e pelo surto de S\u00edndrome Respirat\u00f3ria do Oriente M\u00e9dio (MERS) na Coreia do Sul em 2015. Embora o coronav\u00edrus mais recente, o SARS-CoV-2, tenha causado preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o internacional, sequenciamento acess\u00edvel e barato<\/a> est\u00e1 nos ajudando a entender a doen\u00e7a que ele causa, COVID-19, e a responder ao surto rapidamente.<\/p>\n\n

\"Coronavírus
Figura 1. Coronav\u00edrus com os picos caracter\u00edsticos vistos ao microsc\u00f3pio.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

Os primeiros estudos que exploram a suscetibilidade gen\u00e9tica ao COVID-19 s\u00e3o agora sendo publicado<\/a> . Os primeiros resultados indicam que o SARS-CoV-2 infecta as c\u00e9lulas usando o receptor de superf\u00edcie celular ACE2. As variantes gen\u00e9ticas no gene do receptor ACE2 provavelmente influenciam a efic\u00e1cia com que o SARS-CoV-2 pode entrar nas c\u00e9lulas do nosso corpo. Os pesquisadores esperam descobrir variantes gen\u00e9ticas que conferem resist\u00eancia a uma infec\u00e7\u00e3o por SARS-CoV-2, semelhante a como algumas variantes no CCR5<\/em> gene receptor<\/a> tornar as pessoas imunes ao HIV. Na Nebula Genomics, estamos monitorando as pesquisas mais recentes do COVID-19 e adicionaremos quaisquer descobertas relevantes ao Nebula Research Library<\/a> em tempo h\u00e1bil. <\/p>\n\n

O papel da gen\u00f4mica na resposta ao COVID-19<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

Cientistas em A China sequenciou o genoma do SARS-CoV-2<\/a> poucas semanas depois que o primeiro caso foi relatado em Wuhan. Isso contrasta com o SARS, que foi descoberto no final de 2002, mas n\u00e3o foi sequenciado at\u00e9 abril de 2003. \u00c9 por meio do sequenciamento do genoma barato que muitos cientistas em todo o mundo est\u00e3o aprendendo e compartilhando informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre COVID-19, o que nos permite acompanhar a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do v\u00edrus em tempo real<\/a> . Em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, o sequenciamento pode ajudar a remover o medo do desconhecido e permitir que cientistas e profissionais de sa\u00fade se preparem para combater a dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o do COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n

A tecnologia de sequenciamento de DNA de \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o nos permitiu entender que o SARS-CoV-2 tem aproximadamente 30.000 bases. Al\u00e9m disso, pesquisadores na China determinaram que o SARS-CoV-2 tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 quase id\u00eantico a um coronav\u00edrus encontrado em morcegos e \u00e9 muito semelhante ao SARS. Essas percep\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00eam sido fundamentais para ajudar no desenvolvimento de diagn\u00f3sticos e vacinas. Por exemplo, os Centros de Controle e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as desenvolveram um Teste de diagnostico<\/a> para detectar o ARN da SARS-CoV-2 em cotonetes de nariz ou boca<\/p>\n\n

Al\u00e9m disso, uma s\u00e9rie de diferentes ag\u00eancias governamentais e empresas farmac\u00eauticas est\u00e3o em processo de desenvolvimento de vacinas COVID-19<\/a> para impedir que o v\u00edrus infecte mais pessoas. Para proteger os humanos da infec\u00e7\u00e3o, part\u00edculas de v\u00edrus inativadas ou partes do v\u00edrus (por exemplo, prote\u00ednas virais) podem ser injetadas em humanos. O sistema imunol\u00f3gico reconhecer\u00e1 o v\u00edrus inativado como estranho, preparando o corpo para construir imunidade contra poss\u00edveis infec\u00e7\u00f5es futuras. De import\u00e2ncia, Moderna<\/a> , a Instituto Nacional de Alergia e Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas<\/a> , e as Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations<\/a> identificou uma vacina candidata COVID-19 em um registro 42 dias<\/a> . Esta vacina ser\u00e1 testada em ensaios cl\u00ednicos em humanos a partir de abril.<\/p>\n\n

Para obter mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre COVID-19, consulte a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade local na rede Internet<\/a> . Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m pode encontrar Estat\u00edsticas resumidas do COVID-19 GWAS aqui<\/a> . <\/p>\n\n

Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m pode aprender mais sobre os testes de coronav\u00edrus nesta postagem do blog.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A nova doen\u00e7a do coronav\u00edrus (COVID-19) Nos \u00faltimos meses, o novo coronav\u00edrus (SARS-CoV-2 que causa a doen\u00e7a COVID-19), que surgiu em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, China, tem sido manchete como uma amea\u00e7a \u00e0 sa\u00fade p\u00fablica em r\u00e1pida evolu\u00e7\u00e3o. At\u00e9 …<\/p>\n

O Coronav\u00edrus Contagioso (COVID-19)<\/span> Leia mais \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":13528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5002],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-pt-br"],"yoast_head":"\nCoronavirus (COVID-19): The Role of Genomics in Responding.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cientistas na China sequenciaram o genoma do coronav\u00edrus COVID-19 apenas algumas semanas ap\u00f3s o primeiro caso ter sido relatado em Wuhan. 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